[문 12～문 14] Almost a century ago, the United States decided to make high school nearly universal. Around the same time, much of Europe decided that universal high school was a waste. Not everybody, European intellectuals argued, should go to high school. It's clear who made the right decision. The educated American masses helped create the American century, as some economists have written. The new ranks of high school graduates made factories more efficient and new industries possible. Today, we are having an update version of the same debate. Television, newspapers and blogs are filled with the case against college for the masses: It _____________ students with debt; it does not guarantee a good job; it isn't necessary for many jobs. Not everybody, the skeptics say, should go to college.